Course Description:

The education system in any country cannot be isolated from the education system of other countries.  Keeping in view the requirement of equivalence in a global world,  it is important to compare the education system of Pakistan with other developing and developed countries.  Comparative education is an educational science. Comparative Education is included as a professional course. The education system in a country cannot be isolated from the education systems of other countries. Keeping in view the requirement of equivalence in a global world, it is important to compare the education system of Pakistan with those of other developing and developed countries. Knowledge about the education systems of various countries assists policymakers in reflecting on education in the context of competition and excellence. This course provides a deep insight into different educational systems and enables students to make comparative critical analyses with special reference to Pakistan.

Course Objectives:

After studying this course, the students will be able to:

1. Analyze the concept and scope of comparative education.
2. Differentiate among approaches of comparative education.
3. Evaluate primary education from a comparative perspective.
4. Analyze secondary education from a comparative perspective.
5. Critically analyze higher education from a comparative perspective
6. Discuss the status of teacher education from a comparative perspective.

Course Outline:

1. Comparative Education: Introduction
   1. Introduction
   2. Objectives
   3. Concept and Scope of Comparative Education
      1. The Concept of Comparative Education
      2. The Scope of Comparative Education Comparative Vs International Education: An Analysis
   4.  Historical Development of Comparative Education
   5. Comparative Education: Trends and Issues
2. Concept of Educational Approaches
   1. Introduction
   2. Objectives
   3. Concept and Scope of Educational Approaches
   4. Types of Educational Approaches
   5. Conflict Theory
   6. Open System Theory
3. Primary Education
   1. Introduction
   2. Objectives
   3.  Nature of Primary Education
   4. Concept and Scope of Primary Education
   5. Primary Education in Comparative Perspectives
4. Secondary Education
   1. Introduction
   2. Objectives
5. Concept and Scope of Secondary Education
6. Secondary Education in Comparative Perspectives
   1. Secondary Education in the USA
   2. Secondary Education in the UK
   3. Secondary Education in India
   4. Secondary Education in Pakistan
   5. Secondary Education in Malaysia
7. Comparison between Eastern and Western countries in secondary education
8. Higher Education
   1. Introduction
   2. Concept and Scope of Higher education
      1. Concept of Higher Education
      2. Scope of Higher Education
   3. Bologna Process in Higher Education
   4. University Education in Comparative Perspectives;
      1. United States of America (USA)
      2. UK
      3. Pakistan
      4. India
9. Teacher Education
   1. Introduction
   2. Objectives
   3. Concept of Teacher Education
   4. Scope of Teacher Education
   5. Teacher Education in Comparative Perspective
      1. USA
      2. UK
      3. Pakistan
      4. India
10. Special Education
    1. Introduction
    2. Objectives
    3. The Concept and Scope of Special Education
    4. Special Education in
       1. Pakistan
       2. United Kingdom
       3. India
       4. Norway
11. Curriculum Planning and Development
    1. Introduction
    2. Objectives
    3. Curriculum Planning
    4. Curriculum Development
    5. Concept and Scope of Curriculum Development
    6. Essential Considerations for Curriculum Development
    7. Phases and Steps in Curriculum Development
    8. Curriculum Development in Comparative Perspectives
       1. Curriculum Development in the United States of America
       2. Curriculum Development in the United Kingdom
       3. Curriculum Development in India
       4. Curriculum Development in Pakistan

1. Comparison: Distance Education System
   1. Introduction
   2. Objectives
   3. Concept and Scope of Distance Education System
   4. Comparative Distance Education System:
      1. Canada
      2. UK
      3. Pakistan
      4. India
   5. Comparisons of different Distance Education Systems

Recommended Text:

1. Cottrell, S. (2017). Critical thinking skills: Effective analysis, argument, and reflection, London: Macmillan International Higher Education.

2. Costa, A.L. & Lowery, L.F.(2014). Techniques for teaching thinking, Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow

Suggested Readings:

1. Moon, J. (2007). Critical thinking: An exploration of theory and practice, USA: Routledge

2. McPeck, J. E. (2016). Teaching critical thinking: Dialogue and dialectic, USA: Routledge.