Week 15: In-Text Citations

2 Citations and references
It is important to refer correctly to the work of other writers that you have used. You may
present these sources as a summary/paraphrase, as a quotation, or use both. In each case, a
citation is included to provide a link to the list of references at the end of your paper:
Smith (2009) argues that the popularity of the Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) is irrational, as
despite their high cost most are never driven off-road. In his view, ‘they are bad for road safety,
the environment and road congestion’ (Smith, 2009: 37).
Underline the citations in the example above. Which is for a summary and which a
quotation? What are the advantages of each?
Giving citations
A quotation Author’s name, date of publication, page number (Smith, 2009: 37)
A summary Author’s name, date of publication Smith (2009)
3 Reference verbs
Summaries and quotations are usually introduced by a reference verb:
Smith (2009) argues that . . .
Janovic (1972) claimed that . . .
These verbs can be either in the present or the past tense. Normally, the use of the present
tense suggests that the source is recent and still valid, while the past indicates that the source
is older and may be out of date, but there are no hard-and-fast rules. In some disciplines, an
older source may still be useful