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• Major Themes in Speculative Philosophy of History
• b) Time and its Movement: Linear, uni-linear and Multi-linear; Cyclical and Spiral Movement of Time
• St. Augustine: Christian Philosophy of History
• Ibn Khaldun: The Founder of Sociology and Geographical Interpretation of History
• Rene Descartes
• Giambattista Vico
• Montesquieu
• Voltaire
• Hegel
• Auguste Comte
• Karl Marx
• Weber and Spengler
• Arnold J. Toynbee
• Edward Said
• Francis Fukuyama
• Samuel P. Huntington
• Nationalist Approach
• Marxist Approach
• Modernist Approach
• Post-modernist Approach
• Post-Colonial Approach
• Elite Approach
• Subaltern/popular Approach
• Feminist Approach
• Holistic Approach
• Structuralist Approach