Biogeochemical cycle: nitrogen, phosphorus, Sulphur , water, carbon.
Ecology: concepts and applications , pp#414
Elements of Ecology, pp#446
Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology, PP#197
Course Material
- Energy: laws of thermodynamics with respect to ecology , primary and secondary productions of various ecosystems
- Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels, energy flow, food chains and food webs. Different Models of energy flow
- Biogeochemical cycle: nitrogen, phosphorus, Sulphur , water, carbon.
- Limiting factors: basic concepts, temperature, soil, water and humidity, light, fire
- Discussion about Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, ecosphere.
- An overview of ecosystem with special reference to ecological niche: basic concepts and types
- Major ecosystem of world: Marine, Estuarine, Freshwater, Wetlands, Tundra, Forest, Grassland, Desert and Agricultural ecosystems.
- Population ecology: basic population characters, growth and growth curves, population dynamics and regulations.
- Community ecology: basic concepts, community analysis, ecotones
- Inter-Population Interactions
- Applied Ecology: resources and their ecological management (mineral, agricultural desalination and weather modification, forest and range management, landscape and land use)
- Pollution : (definition, types, cost, origin and management); water pollution (sources, domestic and industrial pollution, heavy metals)
- Air pollution (Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, smog and PAN, MTBE & CFCs)
- Land pollution (pesticides, bacterial toxins, synthetic hormones); Noise pollution
- Radiation Ecology, Global Environmental Changes , Ozone Depletion
- Acid Rain, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, Koyota Protocol
- Chapters 16
- Department Zoology
- Teacher
Sana Batool
