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• Energy: laws of thermodynamics with respect to ecology , primary and secondary productions of various ecosystems
• Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels, energy flow, food chains and food webs. Different Models of energy flow
• Biogeochemical cycle: nitrogen, phosphorus, Sulphur , water, carbon.
• Limiting factors: basic concepts, temperature, soil, water and humidity, light, fire
• Discussion about Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, ecosphere.
• An overview of ecosystem with special reference to ecological niche: basic concepts and types
• Major ecosystem of world: Marine, Estuarine, Freshwater, Wetlands, Tundra, Forest, Grassland, Desert and Agricultural ecosystems.
• Population ecology: basic population characters, growth and growth curves, population dynamics and regulations.
• Community ecology: basic concepts, community analysis, ecotones
• Inter-Population Interactions
• Applied Ecology: resources and their ecological management (mineral, agricultural desalination and weather modification, forest and range management, landscape and land use)
• Pollution : (definition, types, cost, origin and management); water pollution (sources, domestic and industrial pollution, heavy metals)
• Air pollution (Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, smog and PAN, MTBE & CFCs)
• Land pollution (pesticides, bacterial toxins, synthetic hormones); Noise pollution
• Radiation Ecology, Global Environmental Changes , Ozone Depletion
• Acid Rain, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, Koyota Protocol