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• Introduction; chemistry of toxicants; toxicity testing methods
• Routes of exposure; determining the responses to varying doses of substances; time of exposure
• LD50 experiments; toxicity, hazards and risks
• Toxicokinetics: Introduction; Pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics
• Absorption: the oral, respiratory and dermal route of exposure
• Distribution, Routes of elimination
• Toxicokinetics models
• Absorption and bioavailability; contrasting kinetics of lipophilic substances.
• Biotransformation: Introduction; Primary biotransformation (phase I reaction) Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction
• Secondary metabolism (phase II reaction) Glucuridination, Glutathione conjugation, acetylation and other phase II reactions, factors influencing metabolism.
• Cellular sites of action: Introduction, interaction of toxicants with proteins
• Effect of toxicants on enzymes, receptors and ion channels, voltage activated ion channels and transport proteins
• Effects of toxicants on lipids
• Effect of toxicant on Nucleic acids
• Mechanism of cell death; apoptosis, necrosis, stress
• Damage repair and recovery of protein, lipid and DNA damage