Distribution, Routes of elimination
1. Essentials of Environmental Toxicology,pp#59
2. A textbook of modern Toxicology,pp#97
Course Material
- Introduction; chemistry of toxicants; toxicity testing methods
- Routes of exposure; determining the responses to varying doses of substances; time of exposure
- LD50 experiments; toxicity, hazards and risks
- Toxicokinetics: Introduction; Pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics
- Absorption: the oral, respiratory and dermal route of exposure
- Distribution, Routes of elimination
- Toxicokinetics models
- Absorption and bioavailability; contrasting kinetics of lipophilic substances.
- Biotransformation: Introduction; Primary biotransformation (phase I reaction) Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction
- Secondary metabolism (phase II reaction) Glucuridination, Glutathione conjugation, acetylation and other phase II reactions, factors influencing metabolism.
- Cellular sites of action: Introduction, interaction of toxicants with proteins
- Effect of toxicants on enzymes, receptors and ion channels, voltage activated ion channels and transport proteins
- Effects of toxicants on lipids
- Effect of toxicant on Nucleic acids
- Mechanism of cell death; apoptosis, necrosis, stress
- Damage repair and recovery of protein, lipid and DNA damage
