UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS

 

 

COURSE OUTLINE                                                                                                                                         Fall 2018

 

Course Tittle:  Modern Techniques in Plant Breeding

Course Code:  PBG-407

Credit Hours:     3(2-1)

Instructor: Dr. Saeed Rauf

Email:   [email protected]

 

DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVES

 

The course will be taught with following objectives:

  • to build understanding of the basic terms regarding molecular genetics like structure of gene and its expression
  • utilization of invitro techniques i.e. haploid developments, embry rescue, somatic cell hybridization, invitro germplasm conservation
  • to familiarize student with basic concept of
    • recombinant DNA technology
    • development of transgenic organisms
    • marker assisted selection
    • Integration of novel molecular techniques with plant breeding

 

READINGS

 

Text Books

  1. Loodish, H. 2004. Molecular Cell Biology. 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
  2. Paul, C and K. Harry. 2004. Handbook of Plant Biotechnology. John Willy and Sons, New York, USA.
  3. Muglani, G. S. 2003. Advanced Genetics. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
  4. Singh, B. D. (Ed) 20039Plant Biotechnology. 2nd Ed., Kalyani Publisher, India
  5. Brown, T. A. 2000. Essential Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach.  Oxford University Press, New York, USA.

 

 

 

CONTENTS

  • Basics of molecular biology
  • Introduction to modern techniques
  • DNA amplification Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA fingerprinting,
  • Methods of genetic transformation, molecular markers and marker assisted selection in plant breeding.
  • In-vitro culture techniques : - Biotechnological approaches to drought tolerance, salt tolerance, pest resistance and protein quality in various field crops. 
  • Importance of transgenic plants

COURSE SCHEDULE

Week

Lecture

Topic

Source (Book, Chapter #, Section #)

1.

  1.  

Heredity material Protein vs. Nucleic acid

Book 1: Chapter 1

  1.  

Nucleic acid: Structure of DNA

Book 2: 14-18

2.

 

  1.  

Genes, prokaryotic genes

Genes in eukaryotic nucleus

Book 2: 14-26

  1.  

Gene Expression

Book 2: 29-31

3.

 

  1.  

 Haploid Production for Hybrid Sorting and Analytical Breeding

-Definition

-Androgensis

-Gynogenesis

Book 2:  Page 188-193

  1.  

Haploid Plants from Interspecific crosses

Application of Haploids

Advantages

Limitations

Concluding Remarks

Book 2: Page 33-45

4

  1.  

Technology for Distant Hybridization

i. Somatic Hybridization

Protoplast Isolation

Protoplast Fusion

Selection of Hybrid Cell

Regeneration of Haploid Plants

Application of Crop Improvement

Book 4: 52-59

  1.  

Symmetric Somatic Hybrids

Asymmetric Hybrids

Cybrid and Cytoplasm Transfer

Genetic Engineering using Protoplast

Advantage of Somatic Hybridization

Limitation of Somatic Hybridization

Book 2: Chapter 4 54-58.

5

 

  1.  

Germplasm Conservation

Cryopreservation

Improved methods of cryopreservation

Book 2: Chapter 4 54-58.

  1.  

Slow growth culture

Effects on genetic constitutions

Application Achievements

Advantages

Limitations

Book 1: Chapter 3

6

  1.  

Embryo rescue

Introduction

Embryo culture

Preparation of embryos for culture

Culture medium for young embryos

Application for embryo culture

Book 1: Chapter 3

  1.  

Invitro pollination and Fertilization

Book 1: Chapter 3

7

  1.  

Somaclonal variation

Introduction

Isolation of somaclonal variants

Screening

Cell selection

Characterization of variants

Book 2: Page 80

  1.  

Molecular basis of somaclonal variation

Origin of somaclonal variation

Book 2:  83-89

8

  1.  

Gametoclonal variation

Somaclonal variation and induced mutation

Size of regenerant population

Book 2:  83-89

  1.  

Cell Selection

Plant material used for cell selection

Application of selection pressure

Use of mutagen

Selection for diseases resistant variants

Stress of resistant and other mutants

Mutant for efficient nutrient utilization

Book 1: Chapter 6

9

  1.  

Molecular Markers and marker assisted selection

An ideal marker system

Molecular marker system

 

  1.  

Marker system selection

Mapping population

Mapping strategies

Marker validation

Application of molecular marker system

Marker-assisted selection

Book 2: 122-128

10.

  1.  

Recombinant DNA technology

Restriction endonuclease

Modification of cut ends

Steps in gene cloning

Obtaining DNA inserts for cloning

 

Book 2: 133-140

  1.  

Vectors

E. coli vectors

Plasmid vectors

Bacteriophage vector

Cosmid vectors

Phasmid vectors

Bacterial artificial chromosome

Shuttle vectors

Yeast vectors

Reference material

Paper 1

11

 

  1.  

Integration of DNA insert into vector

Introduction of recombinant DNA into suitable host

Selection of recombinant clones

Sequence dependent screening

Expression-based screening

Multiple expression and integration of transgenic into host genome

Site directed mutagenesis

Book 1:157-176

  1.  

Transgenic Plants: Gene construct

Introduction

Application of transgenic plants

Gene construct

Plant promoters

Coding regions of the desired transgene

Reporter genes

Book 1:177-213

12

 

 

  1.  

Transgenic Plants: Vectors and Transformation methods

Plasmid vector

Plant virus vector

Transformation techniques

Book 2: 100-112

  1.  

Integration of transgene

Molecular analysis of putative transgenic

Genetic analysis of transgenics

Genetic transformation of chloroplast

Book 2: 104-107

13

  1.  

Transgenic Plants. Resistance to abiotic stress

Transgene action

Herbicide resistance

Insect resistance

Book 2: 108-112

  1.  

Virus resistance

Resistance to Fungal and Bacterial Diseases

Drought Resistance

Book 2: 114-115

14

  1.  

Transgenic Plants IV. Quality modifications and novel features

Modification of starch quality

Modification of oil quality

Modification of seed protein

Book 2: 116-119

  1.  

Golden rice

Suppression of endogenous genes

Male sterility

Book 3, Chapter 3: 152-161

16

  1.  

Biochemical production

Book 3, Chapter 3: 166-169

  1.  

Ornamental Plants: Modification of flower and foliage color and plant morphology

Book 3, Chapter 3: 170-174

           17

  1.  

Phytoremediation, targeting of transgene products into chloroplast and mitochondria

Problem in gene transfer

Book 3, Chapter 3: 170-177

  1.  

Class Discussion and Conclusion

 

                       

 

 

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

 

Sessional:                             8 (Class Attendance: 2, Presentation: 4, Assignments: 2)

Mid Term Test:  12

Final Term Test: 20

RULES AND REGULATIONS

 

1.  Bonus marks according to student contributions in class/lecture discussions/Class attendance

2: Students have to complete all assignments within Targets

Course Material