Laser is recognized as one of the top technological achievements of 20th century and there are few areas in technology that are not influenced by it. It plays an important role in, medicine, industry, and entertainment has resulted in fiber-optic communication, CDs, CD-ROMs, and DVDs. Without lasers there would be no supermarket bar code readers, certain life-saving cancer treatments, or precise navigation techniques for commercial aircraft. Laser is acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser is a source of light but it is different from other light sources. Laser makes a high intensity and extremely directional beam which has a narrow frequency range. Lasers are more used as a strong electromagnetic beam than a light beam.
Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students should be able to:
Explain the operational principles and construction of lasers
Describe optical components that can be used to tailor the properties of the laser
Distinguish between the different optical cavities/resonators.
Describe the conditions of producing a laser beam.
Describe how pulsed laser beams can be obtained from a laser cavity.
Understand the laser applications in daily life.
Contents:
Introduction to Lasers
Properties of laser beam
Electromagnetic waves and photons
Energy levels, Transition and spectral lines, The metastable level
Spontaneous and Stimulated emission, Stimulated Absorption
Line shape function
Black-Body Radiation
Relation between Einstein A and B Coefficients
Conditions for large stimulated emissions
Gain coefficient and threshold Gain coefficient
Line-broadening mechanism
Population inversion
The three and four-level system
Rate equations
Optical resonators
Conditions for steady state oscillation in a two mirror Resonator
Cavity resonance frequencies
Longitudinal and Transverse modes in a cavity
Pumping Process, Pulsed vs Continuous emission
Threshold condition and output power
Optimum output coupling
Laser tuning
Oscillation and pulsations in lasers
Q-Switching and mode-locking methods
Phase velocity and Group Velocity
Dispersion and Pulse Width
Non-linear crystals
Solid state lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd:YAG and Nd:Glass lasers
Semiconductor lasers: Homojunction lasers, Double Hetrostructure lasers
Gass Lasers: Helium Neon laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen laser and Excimer laser
Free-Electro and X-ray lasers
Laser Applications.
Recommended Books
Laser Fundamentals by W. T. Silfvast, Cambridge University press, (2003).
Understanding lasers b y J. Hecht, Howard W. Sams & Company, USA (1988).
Lasers by P. W. Milonni and J. Eberly, Wiley, New York. (2010).
An Introduction to Lasers by M. N. Avadhanulu, S. Chand & company (2001).
Laser Fundamentals by W. T. Silfvast, Cambridge University press, (2003).
Understanding lasers b y J. Hecht, Howard W. Sams & Company, USA (1988).
Lasers by P. W. Milonni and J. Eberly, Wiley, New York. (2010).
An Introduction to Lasers by M. N. Avadhanulu, S. Chand & company (2001).
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Sessional: 20 (Presentation / Assignment 10, Attendance 05, Quiz 05)
Mid-Term Exam: 30
Final-Term Exam: 50
Time of Class Meeting
BS 8th Reg Wednesday to Friday (10:00 am to 11:00 am)
BS 8th SS Wednesday (3:30 pm to 4:30 pm)
Thursday (12:30 pm to 1:30 pm)
Friday (12:30 pm to 1:30 pm)
BS 8th Ex ppp Wednesday ( 2:30 pm to 3:30 pm)
Thursday (2:30 pm to 3:30 pm)
Friday (11:00 am to 12:00 pm)
Commencement of Classes January 13, 2020
Mid Term Examination March 16 to March 23, 2020
Final Term Examination May 11-15, 2020
Declaration of Result May 22, 2020