The three and four-level system,
An Introduction To Lasers Theory And Application by Dr. M.N. Avadhanulu page # 29 to 32
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Course Material
- Introduction to Lasers Properties of laser beam
- Electromagnetic waves and photons, Energy levels, Transition and spectral lines,
- Transition and spectral lines, Spontaneous and Stimulated emission, Stimulated Absorption, Line shape function,
- Relation between Einstein A and B Coefficients, Conditions for large stimulated emissions, Gain coefficient, Threshold Gain coefficient
- Line-broadening mechanism, The metastable level, Population inversion,
- The three and four-level system,
- Rate equations
- Optical resonators, Conditions for steady state oscillation in a two mirror Resonator
- Cavity resonance frequencies, Longitudinal and Transverse modes in a cavity, Pumping Process, Pulsed vs Continuous emission
- Solid state lasers Ruby Laser, Nd:YAG and Nd:Glass
- Alexandrite Laser, Titanium- Sapphire Laser, colour- Center Laser, Fiber Laser
- Semiconductor lasers: Homojunction lasers, Double Hetrostructure lasers
- Gass Lasers: Helium Neon laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen laser
- Laser beam characteristics
- Laser Applications.
- Chapters 15
- Department Physics
- Teacher
Ms. Ayesha Islam
