TIL (Sesamum indicum L.)

 

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Lamiales

Family: Pedaliaceae

Genus: Sesamum

Species: indicum

Local Name: Til

 

INTRODUCTION

• Sesame is short duration, Kharif season and self-pollinated crop.
• Sesame has been cultivated as a valuable oil crop.
• Its seed contains prime quality of about 50% edible oil, 22% good quality protein and 16-18% carbohydrate.
• Its oil is mixed as a ratio of 5 to 10% with other edible oils for improving their quality. 
• Its cost per unit area is lower while its per acre profit is higher so, it is becoming a popular crop.
• It is very drought-tolerant crop. It has been called a survivor crop.

 

AGRO-METEOROLOGY

 

Climate: It is irrigated and semi-arid tropic crop and require high temperature of 35-40 oC for vegetative and reproductive growth.

 

Soil: It can be grown on sandy-loam to clayey soils. However, silt to clay loam soils are best for it.

 

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

 

Area of Pakistan under Til is 56.10 thousand ha, production 25.48 thousand tonnes and average yield is 402 kg/ha

 

Uses: Human and animals diet, poultry diet, fast foods and bakery products, quality soaps, perfumes, carbon paper, ribbon of type writer

 

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

 

1) Seed bed preparation: 2-3 ploughings, 1-2 planking are sufficient to prepare seed bed.

 

2) Sowing time: In barani areas: 1st July-15th July; In irrigated areas, 1st June–15th July. Sowing before June affected due to diseases and insects attack After July resulted lower production and delays wheat sowing

3) Seed rate: 1.5 to 2 kg/acre

 

4) Sowing method: Sowing with automatic rabi drill is best (R X R = 45 cm apart). Ensure that seed placement should be at depth of 2 cm. Seed mixed with 6-8 kg sand or fine soil for drill sowing and continuous mixing for uniform placement of seed. If drill is not available, then seed mixed with 2-3 kg sand and broadcast in length wise and width wise. Than covered with light soil.

The optimum plant population of wheat is 10-12 lac plants per care.

 

5) Fertilizer:

Areas	Application of fertilizer	N	P2O5	K2O (kg/acre)
Irrigated areas	At first and second irrigation	23	23	12
Barani areas	At the time of sowing

Fertilizer should be applied according to fertility status of soil (in irrigated areas) and according to rainfall (in barani areas). Less fertile soils require more fertilizer and more rainfall areas require more fertilizer.

In irrigated areas, whole of P and K should be applied at seed bed preparation. But N is applied in 2 splits, ½ N at seed bed preparation and ½ N with 1st or 2nd irrigation.

 

6) Irrigation: It requires 2-3 irrigations:

1st irrigation: 15-20 days after sowing (DAS)

2nd irrigation: at the time of flowering

3rd irrigation: at the time of pod formation

7) THINNING AND HOEING

• After one week up rooted the weak and diseases plants by keeping 4-6 inch spacing between plants following 58,000 to 87,000 plants/ha.
• First hoeing is done after 15-20 days and second after 30 days of germination with khurpa or Tarphali.

 

PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES:

1. INSECT-PESTS:

Til Capsule Borer

White Fly

Jassid

Mirid Bug

Cotton Mealy Bug

Thrips

Termite

1. DISEASES:

Stem/Root Rot

Wilt

Collar rot

Phyllody

HARVESTING AND THRESHING

• Sesame crop matures in about 100-120 days
• The crop should be harvested when 75 % capsules are ripened and become (yellow colored)
• Make bundles and stalked upright for drying
• One week after harvesting, thrashing should be done in clear weather so that seeds could also be dried prior to storage with at least 8-10% moisture content

 

VARIETIES

 

TH-6; TH-5

Castor bean 

   Orignal and history:

                 Castor seed and oil have been in use in India, Egypt and other countries since ancient times. In India, the growing of castor and use of its oil dates back to 2000 B.C. Because of its widespread distribution and easy establishment, it has become a native plant in many regions. However, Weiss (1971) concludes that castor is indigenous to eastern Africa, most probably Ethiopia.

Economi importance:

GDP:6.5% to 7.2%

Area:                                                                                                  

In Pakistan, the area under castor has been decreasing since 1978-79. The average area from 1980-85 ranged between20,000 and30,000 hectares. In the past five years (1985-1990) it further declined to 14,000 hectares, and in 1991-92  only 3050hectares were planted to castor. The major contribution (85%) came from Sindh.

Production:

4023 tones per year in pakistan,

Products:

Castor oil is used in the manufacture of paints and varnishes, detergents synthetic resine and fibers, soap cosmetics, hair dressing, brake fluids, and printing inks. It is also used as a purgative and laxative in human as well as veterinary medicine. Silk worms can be reared on green castor leaves.

 .

SOIL TYPE:

            Castor plants grown well in soil of medium texture.

 Environment Requirements:

A. Climate:

Castorbeans grow best where temperatures remain fairly high throughout the growing season of 140 to 180 days. The soil must be able to warm up early in the spring. The seed may fail to set, however, if the temperature stays above 100oF for an extended period.

B. Soil:

The crop requires a loamy soil of medium texture. Castorbeans do well on either alkaline or acid soils, as long as the subsoil is permeable and there is good drainage. Seed will not set if soil moisture is inadequate. Castorbeans should not be planted in an area that is subject to erosion.

C. Seed Preparation and Germination:

Seeds should be cleaned to remove foreign material, seeds with attached hulls, and damaged seeds. They should also be treated with a fungicide before planting. This is particularly important where there is a risk of low spring temperatures and high soil moisture immediately after planting. Thiram is the only registered seed treatment fungicide for use on castorbeans.

Castorbeans are poisonous for animals and humans. In addition, inhaling dust from the seeds may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Seed treatment should be performed carefully to minimize dust and to avoid contamination of food and livestock feed. Children should be kept away from castorbean storage areas, and adults working with the seeds and plants should be warned of their poisonous properties.

V. Cultural Practices:

A. Seedbed Preparation:

To prepare the seedbed, plow or disk the land. Be sure the soil is moist at the planting depth of one to three in.

B. Seeding Date:

Castorbeans should be planted in early May, about the same time as corn. Seedlings will emerge in 10 to 21 days.

C. Method and Rate of Seeding:

Good stands of castorbeans require fairly heavy planting rates, because germination of the seed is usually rather low. Seeding at 10 to 14 lb/acre will give a good stand, depending on the seed size and the height of the variety. Row width should be 38 to 40 in. with 8 to 12 in. between plants. Because of differences in germination rates and plant size, growers should calculate rates based on the seed lot. Seeds should be planted at a depth of 12 to 3 in.

D. Fertility and Lime Requirements:

Castorbeans grow well on slightly alkaline or acid soils. The most important factor in fertility level is the supply of nitrogen in the soil. Insufficient nitrogen results in reduced castorbean yields. Excessive nitrogen produces heavy vegetative growth with little or no increase in seed yield.

The amount of nitrogen required by castorbeans depends on the soil organic matter content as shown in Table 1. Preplant and sidedress applications of nitrogen may be beneficial at the higher application rates or on lighter-textured soils.

Table 1. Nitrogen recommendations for castorbeans.
Soil Organic Matter	Nitrogen Application Rate
-- % --	-- lb/acre --
< 2	100
2 - 4.9	80
5 – 10	60
> 10	40

In general, castorbeans require the same amount of nutrients as other low-demand field crops. For typical silt loam soils testing in the optimum range (6 to 10 ppm P; 81 to 100 ppm K), approximately 20 lb P2O5 and 40 lb K2O should be applied per acre. If soil tests are below optimum, approximately 5 lbs P2O5 and 20 to 30 lb K2O should be applied in addition to the previous amounts. Castorbeans do not generally respond to phosphorus, and excess soil phosphorus levels can actually decrease yields. Therefore, do not apply P2O5 except where soils test in the optimum or below optimum level for extractable P.

E. Variety Selection:

Castorbean varieties have been developed to produce large yields of seed with a single harvest. The tall varieties may reach a height of 10 ft or more. The dwarf types seldom exceed four or five ft.

No information is available about the adaptability of varieties to the Upper Midwest.

F. Weed Control:

The slow emergence and early growth of castorbeans means the plants are not strong competitors against weeds. Rotary hoeing during the first few weeks after planting, followed by row cultivation should provide acceptable control. Because the main lateral roots of the castorbean plant are near the soil surface, cultivation should be shallow. At the present time, herbicides are not registered for controlling weeds in castorbeans in Wisconsin or Minnesota.

Irrigation:4-5 time

G. Diseases and Their Control:

Resistance to various diseases varies among castorbean varieties. During periods of heavy rains or dews, capsule molds,

1: Alternaria leaf spot and bacterial leaf spot may occur.

2:Alternaria leaf spot is more severe in nitrogen-starved plants.

 Other diseases may occur, particularly in wet seasons. To help prevent disease problems, a good rotation program and treatment of seed with a fungicide prior to planting are recommended.

 3:Thiram is the only registered seed treatment fungicide.

H. Insects and Other Predators and Their Control:

Though leaf- and stem-feeding insects usually do not cause serious damage to castorbean plants, cutworms and wire worms may reduce stands. Stink bugs, corn earworms, webworms, caterpillars, grasshoppers, thrips, spider mites, leaf miners, Lygus bugs, the yellow-striped army worm, and the European corn borer also may attack the plants.

I. Harvesting:

The castorbean crop is ready for harvesting when all the capsules are dry and the leaves have fallen from the plants. Ideally, harvesting should begin 10 to 14 days after the first killing frost. If killing frosts will not permit completion of harvesting before winter, a chemical defoliant may be applied 10 to 15 days ahead of the desired harvest date. Defoliants tend to reduce yields, however. Delay in harvesting after the crop is ready may result in losses from "shattering," in which the seeds pop out of the capsules.

Since castorbeans are very susceptible to cracking and splitting during harvest, adjustment of the combine cylinder speed and cylinder-concave clearance is very important. Usually, a low cylinder speed and wide cylinder concave clearance are recommended. Combine operators should frequently inspect harvested beans for breakage.

J. Drying and Storage:

Moisture content, foreign material, and cracked or broken beans are considered in grading the seed. Ideally, castorbeans should be stored at less than 6% moisture.

VI. Yield Potential and Performance Results:

Yields vary depending on variety, the season, cultural conditions, and the care exercised in harvesting. No information is available concerning castorbean yields in Wisconsin and Minnesota. However, yields of about 2,200 lb/acre have been produced in Nebraska tests.