Introduction: 

The kidneys serve a crucial role in filtering blood, and a wide range of diseases of other organ systems and systemic diseases may be manifested in the kidney. For example, renal disease is a prominent presentation of long-standing diabetes mellitus and hypertension and of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Leaning Outcome:

1. Explain how GFR reflects kidney function
2. Explain how urine albumin reflects kidney damage
3. Explain how Renal Function Tests reflects kidneys
4. State causes/risk factors for kidney disease

Recommended Books:

1. Clinical Pathology Interpretation By AH Nagi

2. Robins Basic Pathology

Student Eveluation: 

Class Test/Online Viva

Sendup Examination

Annual Examination