Rate equations: Two level system, Three level system, Rate equations: Four level system
- Laser Fundamentals by W. T. Silfvast, Cambridge University press, (2003). Page no. 227
- Understanding lasers b y J. Hecht, Howard W. Sams & Company, USA (1988). Page no. 148-159
- An Introduction to Lasers by M. N. Avadhanulu, S. Chand & company (2001). Page no. 51-58
Course Material
- Introduction to Lasers, Properties of laser beam, Electromagnetic waves and photons
- Energy levels, Transition and spectral lines, Spontaneous and Stimulated emission
- Stimulated Absorption, Line shape function, Black-Body Radiation, Relation between Einstein A and B Coefficients
- Conditions for large stimulated emissions, Gain coefficient, Threshold Gain coefficient
- Line-broadening mechanism, The metastable level, Population inversion, The three level and four level system
- Rate equations: Two level system, Three level system, Rate equations: Four level system
- Optical resonators, Conditions for steady state oscillation in a two Mirror Resonator, Cavity resonance frequencies
- Longitudinal and Transverse modes in a cavity, Pumping Process, Pulsed vs Continuous emission
- Threshold condition and output power, Optimum output coupling, Laser tuning
- Oscillation and pulsations in lasers, Q-Switching, Mode-locking
- Phase velocity and Group Velocity, Dispersion and Pulse Width, Non-linear crystals
- Solid state lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd:YAG, Nd:Glass lasers
- Semiconductor lasers: Homo-junction lasers, Double Hetrostructure lasers, Gass Lasers: Helium Neon laser
- CO2 laser, Nitrogen laser, Excimer laser
- Free-Electron laser, X-ray lasers, Laser Applications
- Chapters 15
- Department Physics
- Teacher
Dr. Muhammad Anwar-Ul-Haq
