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• Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum, Absorption and Emission Spectra,1. UV and visible spectroscopy, Vacuum UV Region,
• Absorption of radiation and electronic transitions, Types of Electronic Transitions:, Forbidden transitions,
• INSTRUMENTATION of UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOP, PRESENTATION OF SPECTRA, ,The Beer–Lambert Law ,THE ORIGIN OF UV BAND STRUCTURE.
• SOLVENTS FOR UV-VISIBLE, Chromophore, (Auxochromes) Attachment of substituent groups, Complimentary Colour, THE EFFECT OF CONJUGATION, AROMATIC COMPOUNDS UV SPECTRA,
• THE WOODWARD–FIESER RULES FOR DIENES, ENONES AND BENZOYL COMPOUNDS WITH EXAMPLES.
• APPLICATIONS OF UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY.
• 2. Infrared Spectroscopy, Stretching and Bending Vibrations , Absorption of IR Radiations:, The Position of Absorption Bands .
• Fundamental vibrations and overtones, The infrared spectrophotometer, 2.4.1 Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers , 2.4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrophotometers.
• PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, What to look in an Infra-Red Spectra, The X–H IR stretches in FTIR spectra.
• The double bond region in IR spectra, Single bond region, Resonance and Inductive Electronic Effects , Conjugation Effects. Ring-Size Effects.
• APPROACH TOTHE ANALYSIS OF A IR-SPECTRUM WITH EXAMPLES.
• 1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy introduction, NUCLEAR SPIN STATES, , NUCLEAR MAGNETIC MOMENTS, ABSORPTION OF ENERGY (Spin flipping), The Mechanism of Absorption (Resonance) .
• THE CHEMICAL SHIFT AND SHIELDING, Internal reference compound, THE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROMETER, The Continuous-Wave (CW) Instrument, The Pulsed Fourier Transform (FT) Instrument.
• CHEMICAL EQUIVALENCE, Integrals and Integration , CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT AND CHEMICAL SHIFT,
• LOCAL DIAMAGNETIC SHIELDING, Number of signals, Areas of the peak, Spin-Spin splitting,
• Coupling constants, complex splitting, Stereochemical non-equivalence of protons.
• C-13 NMR, Carbon chemical shifts, spin-spin splitting, DEPT C-13 NMR.
• Interpreting C-13 NMR spectra with examples.
• Mass spectrometry, The mass spectrometer.
• Fragmentation pattern in mass spectrometry, alkanes, Aromatic hydrocarbons with examples.
• fragmentation pattern: alkyl halides, Ethers.
• Fragmentation pattern: alcohols, ketones, aldehydes.
• Fragmentation pattern: Carboxylic acids, Esters, Amines.