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• Principles of light microscopy. Magnification, Resolution,Contrast. Types of microscopy, Bright field (Compound Microscope), Scanning microscopy, Eyepiece micrometers, Camera Lucida
• Microscopy: Principles of light microscopy. Magnification, Resolution, Contrast. Types of microscopy, Bright field (Compound Microscope), Scanning microscopy, Eyepiece micrometers.
• Camera Lucida Phase Contrast Dark field Interference microscope, Electron microscope (Observation of wet mounts of human cheek cells employing bright and dark field microscopy ).
• Standard system for weight, length, volume: Calculations and related conversions of each:- Metric system- length; surface; weight- Square measures.
• Cubic measures (volumetric)- Circular or angular measure - Concentrations- percent volume; ppt; ppm - Chemical molarity, normality
• Temperature- Celsius, centigrade, Fahrenheit. Preparation of stock solutions of various strengths.
• Specimen preparation for optical microscopy: Microtomy: Fixation, embedding.
• Section cutting (transverse, longitudinal section, mounting and staining. Sections in paraffin and cryosections.
• Section cutting (transverse, longitudinal section, mounting and staining. Sections in paraffin and cryosections.
• Extraction techniques: Centrifugation, Ultracentrifugation, cell fractionation, filtration, Distillation, Use of Soxhalet and Rotary evaporator for extraction.
• Separation Techniques: Chromatography: Principle, applications, types, thin layer, column, gas, ion exchange chromatography.
• Electrophoresis: Principle, applications, types.
• Spectrophotometery: Principle, applications, types.
• Visible spectrum, UV spectrum, atomic absorption.
• Basic principles of Sampling and Preservation: Sampling soil organisms, Invertebrates, Aquatic animals, Mammals, Estimation of population size, Preservation of dry and wet specimens.
• Preservation techniques – Taxidermy - Rearing techniques, Laboratory and field.