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• Week 1 Introduction to the course and recommended books, Introduction to Geology. Importance of Geology in civil engineering projects
• Sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Volcanic activity. Internal structure of the Earth
• Engineering and physical properties of rocks
• Identification of common rock forming minerals Classification of Rocks and Minerals. Colour of grain with respect to rock colour. Chart of Geological Society of America
• Identification of grains of sedimentary rocks. Hardness classification (very soft, soft etc) with respect to simple field tests and uniaxial compression strength
• Identification of rocks by megascopic studies. Identification of subordinate constituents in rock samples
• Introduction to structural Geology and plate tectonics.
• Causes and effects of earthquakes. Protective measures against earthquakes. Earthquake zoning for Pakistan
• Land-sliding and its causes, Principles of Stratigraphy
• Hydrogeology: wells, springs, streams and ground water conditions.
• Role of geology in selection of sites for dams, reservoirs, tunnels and other important civil engineering structures, such as highways, airfield and bridges
• Mining subsidence due to alteration of fluid levels. Methods of avoiding mine collapses
• Causes of glaciers and their types
• Introduction to blasting. Engineering geology of tunnels, geological survey prior to tunnelling , Lining of tunnels and its section
• Selection of tunnel site and its requirements, case histories
• Brief introduction to local geology