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• What is soil and its significance?
• Soil colloids and clays: description and environmental significance
• Mineralogical organization of silicate clays and their methods of identification
• Sources of charges on soil colloids
• Cation and anion exchange properties of soil and their significance, Basic cation saturation percentage
• Soil pH and its importance, Buffering of soil
• Soil organic matter: sources, composition and significance
• Elements essential for plant growth, macro and micro nutrients, organic and inorganic fertilizers
• Nutrient Uptake forms, Function in plants, Deficiency symptoms. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles
• Salt-affected and waterlogged soils: types, reclamation and management
• Waterlogged soils, types, reclamation and management
• Soil erosion: causes and remedies: soil and water conservation
• Environmental impact of agricultural and industrial wastes
• Fertilizers: Identification, composition and calculation of nutrient percentage (Practical)
• Fertilizer analysis for N, P and K
• Soil analysis for EC and pH
• Determination of soil organic matter