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• Introduction of ecology
• history and recent development in ecology
• nature and properties of soil
• chemical properties of soil
• water in soil
• plant water continuum
• homeostasis in plants
• nutrient cycle
• population ecology
• physiology and ecology of phosphorous
• ecology and physiology of potassium
• heavy metal stress
• drought and salt stress
• stress and osmoregulation in plants
• soil errosion
• light as an ecological factor
• nature of light
• factors affecting light and temperature
• factors affecting variation in light and temperature
• plant responses towards temperature
• adaptions of land plants towards temperature
• CO2 and stomatal reponse
• effect of elevated carbon dioxide in plants
• different pathways of nitrogen fixation
• fire as an ecological factor
• carbon and nitrogen balance
• water as an environmental factor
• role of water in plant growth
• plant adaptations
• water status in soil
• stomata and water regulation
• transpiration
• transpiration of leaves and canopies
• energy metabolism in plants
• Morphological changes due to oxygen
• importance of oxygen
• wind as an ecological factor
• fires as an ecological factor
• strategies to cope water deficiency
• plant adaptations against water deficiencies
• Plant response against abiotic stress
• adaptations in plants against abiotic stress
• Mushrooms
• Practical Plant Ecology I