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• The Old Regime and the Enlightenment
• The Impact of the Enlightenment
• The French Revolution and Napoleon
• Napoleon and Europe
• The Industrial Revolution and the Birth of Capitalism
• Causes of the Industrial Revolution
• The Impact of the Industrial Revolution
• Liberalism and Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century Europe
• The Revolutions of 1848
• Consequences and Legacy of 1848
• Marx, Marxism and Socialism
• The Legacy of Marxism
• Darwinism and Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinism and European History
• The Unification of Italy and Germany
• Implications of Nationalism and Unification
• The Age of Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa
• The Legacy and Consequences of European Imperialism
• Causes of World War I
• Consequences of World War I
• The Russian Revolution and Communism
• World War II and the Holocaust
• The Legacy and Consequences of the Russian Revolution
• The Consequences of WWII