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• Biodiversity: Definition, types and threats
• Threats to Biodiversity; deforestation, over grazing, erosion, desertification, ecosystem degradation
• bio invasion, pollution and climate change. Biodiversity of Pakistan.
• Measuring biodiversity: Alpha, Beta and Gamma diversity; Systematic and functional diversity.
• Ecological services, indirect value of ecosystem by virtue of their ecological functions, direct value of ecosystem (i.e. Utility of Bio resources).
• Sustainable and unsustainable use of biological resources.Biodiversity Hot spots of Pakistan and the world.
• International treaties/agreements regarding Biodiversity and conservation;
• Mid Term Examination
• CBD, CITES, Ramsar.
• Conservation strategies; in situ, ex situ, in vitro conservation.
• Conservation vs preservation.IUCN categorized protected areas in Pakistan;
• red listing. Environmental Impact Assessment
• Use of herbarium and Botanical Garden in biodiversity and conservation.
• Concept of pastures and wild life management.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
• Final Term Examination