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• week 1: Water relations to plants (water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential,matric potential).
• week 2: Absorption and translocation of water. Stomata regulation
• Week 3: Mineral nutrition: Soil as a source of minerals. Passive and active transport of nutrients.
• Week 4: Essential mineral elements, role and deficiency symptoms of macronutrients.
• week 5: Photosynthesis: Introduction, Oxygenic and non-oxygenic photosynthesis Mechanism: light reactions (electron transport and photophosphorylation) and dark reactions (Calvin cycle).
• Week 6: Differences between C3 and C4plants.Factors affecting this process, Products of photosynthesis.
• Week 7: Respiration:Definition and respiratory substrates. Mechanism of Glycolysis,Krebscycle.
• Week 8: Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, Anaerobic respiration
• Week 9: Mid Term Examinations
• Week 10: Energy balance in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Respiratory quotients
• Week 11: Introduction, aims and applications of ecology
• Week 12: Physical and Chemical properties of soil (soil formation, texture. pH, EC, organism and organic matter etc.) and their relationships to plants
• Week 13: Light and Temperature. Quality of light, diurnal and seasonal variations.Ecophysiological responses.
• Week 14: Field capacity and soil water holding capacity. Characteristics of xerophytes and hydrophytes. Effect of precipitation on distribution of plants
• Week 15: Wind as an ecological factor and its importance. Population Ecology: Introduction. A brief description of seed dispersal and seed bank
• Week 16: Community Ecology, Ecological characteristics of plant community, Methods of sampling vegetation (Quadrate and line intercept), Major vegetation types of the local area.
• Week 17: Ecosystem Ecology Definition, types and components, Food chain and Food web. Causes, effects and control of water logging and salinity with respect to Pakistan
• Week 18: Final Term examinations