Concept of Organization

1. Organization is an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department.
2. Organizations are social entities that are goal-oriented; are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems, and are linked to the external environment.
3. An organization or organization is an entity, such as a company, an institution, or an association, comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.

Organization Defined

1. A social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. All organizations have a management structure that determines relationships between the different activities and the members, and subdivides and assigns roles, responsibilities, and authority to carry out different tasks. Organizations are open systems--they affect and are affected by their environment.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.html

School organization

1. School organization refers to how schools arrange the resources of time, space, and personnel for maximum effect on student learning.
2. The school's organizational plan addresses those issues that affect the school as a whole,  such as the master schedule, the location of staff in different rooms, and the assignment of aides to teachers or teams.

Concept of Management

1. Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling all the activities of the organization in pursuit of predefined objectives. Stephen P. Robbins
2. Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
3. Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in group efficiently accomplish selected aims.

The Definition of Management Needs To Be Expanded

1. As managers people carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, motivating (leading) and controlling.
2. Management applies to any kind of organization.
3. It applies to managers at all organizational levels.
4. The aim of managers is the same to create a surplus.
5. Managing is concerned with productivity, which implies effectiveness and efficiency.

Concept of Administration

1. The word administration is composed of two words “ad” means to and “ministaire” means to serve, so as one word it gives meaning to serve. In French, ‘minister’ is the one who takes responsibility. In Urdu, Persian and Arabic administration means a sequence, order, concentration and attention for the utilization of resources. Robbins is of the opinion that the administration is getting things from others.
2. Administration is defined as getting work done by other people effectively and efficiently. Luther Gulick
3. The definition of administration also refers to the group of individuals (administrators) who are in charge of creating and enforcing rules and regulations, or those in leadership positions who complete important tasks.

The Functions/Elements of Management

1. Planning: Selecting missions and objectives as well as the actions to achieve them,, which requires decision making.
2. Organizing: Establishing and intentional structure of roles for people to fill in an organization..
3. Motivating (Leading): Influence people, so that they will contribute to organizational and group goals.
4. Controlling: Measuring and correcting individual and organizational performance to ensure that events conform to plans.

Managerial Functions at Different Organizational Levels

1. Top Level: are planning, organizing and controlling.
2. Middle Level: they are equally sharing all functions.
3. First Line Supervisors: are only leading.

Educational Management

1. “Theory and practice of the organisation and administration of existing educational establishments and systems.” —G. Terrypage and J.B. Thomas

School Management

1. the branch of pedagogy that studies the means and methods of administering schools
2. is regarded as the process of integrating the appropriate human and material resources that are made available and made effective for achieving the purposes of a programme of an educational institution.

School Resources

1. Human Resources: Human Resources of an educational institution comprise the entire staff, both the teaching and non- teaching – teachers, clerks, researchers and other elements such as students, parents, members of the community, members of the managing or governing body and departmental officials. Management of human resources is of vital importance at present and calls for selection, recruitment, appointment, hire, retention, development and motivation of the personnel to achieve the educational objectives.

1. The individuals involved in the process should be provided with adequate facilities for reaching the highest levels of achievement and for improving the professional growth to the maximum. So an educational institution or organization in order to be effective and efficient has to ensure that there are right type of people with the right skills, in the right place and at the right time for carrying out the various jobs and services.
2. For this human resource needs are to be identified. Proper selection and recruitment are to be made, demands and supply of services be properly matched and suitable forecasting be made about the future requirements. There are problems of working conditions, promotion prospects, appointment and transfer, motivation and security, career development and so on which have to be handled with sympathy, understanding, fellow feeling and co-operation on the one hand and proper sense of commitment and accountability and involvement on the other hand.

2. Physical and Material Resources: For every organisation or institution, basic infrastructure in concrete terms is essential. Buildings, playgrounds, equipment’s, furniture’s, machineries and stationeries are required for various practical purposes. Libraries, laboratories, auditorium and so on are part and parcel of an educational institution for organizing different curricular and co-curricular programs

1. The modern age of science and technology has made it possible to equip the educational institution with various media and materials, electronic gadgets including radio, television computers, projectors of many kinds and traditional aids like illustrations, models, charts, maps etc. at reasonable prices.
2. Like human resources, there must be proper identification of physical resource needs, installation, maintenance and the most important thing is their proper utilization. But the material resources must be of the right type with the right specifications to be available in the right place and at the right time so that the educational goals can be realized without difficulty, duplication, and wastage. It is also necessary that physical resources should have adequate flexibility, adaptability and stability for meeting the future needs and conditions.
3. 3. Ideational Resources:
4. The resources which are mostly based on ideas and ideals, heritage, image are the curriculum, methods of teaching, innovations, and experiments. Like the individual, every organization has its own personality with integrity, its own culture, and its own values which are unique and influential for the smooth functioning and effective management of the institutions for creating motivation and self- pride among individuals.

All these create feelings, belongingness, involvement, and self-satisfaction among the personnel for working and implementing the programs in educational institutions. At last it can be said educational management will be meaningful if there will be a great deal of co-ordination and interrelation among these three resources. The cause is that all these three resources are interdependent and immensely contribute to the holistic development of every educational institution as a whole.

Aims of School Management 

1. The basic aim is that schools are the betterment of societies.

2. To provide efficient life of the school children and prepare them for the art of learning together.

3. To bring school and community close to each- other.

4. To prepare the students according to the interest and ability of the students

5. To help the students to unfold their personality (mental development) inner part.

6. To enable the students to have the right type of psychology of life.

7. To conserve all the group practical values, heredity and culture of our society.

Objectives of School Management 

As we know the very fact that educational manager needs integration and co-ordination of all the physical and human resources and educational elements. Besides this it requires a great efficiency with it based on human sympathy, understanding, knowledge and skill. The physical resources mainly contribute building equipment’s and instructional materials.

The human resources include pupils, teachers, supervisors, administrators and parents. The additional elements comprise the various aspects of educational theory and practice including philosophy of education, objectives of education, curriculum, method of teaching, discipline, role of the teacher, rules and regulations etc.

These elements are “parts, made into whole” and are components brought into harmonious relationship. So the purpose of doing such vital task is to fulfill different purposes which are known as the objectives of educational management.

1. To provide proper education to students: This objective seeks to mention the fact that good education doesn’t mean education at a very high cost as is practiced in modern public schools. Rather it means the right type of education from the right type of teachers within reasonable cost. This objective also implies quantitative expansion and qualitative improvement of education.

2. To Ensure Adequate Utilization Of All Resources: For the adequate realization of the various purposes of the educational program, there is the need for ensuring adequate utilization of all available resources-human, material, and financial.

3. To Ensure Professional Ethics And Professional Development Among Teachers: As teachers are the senior and mature human elements to accelerate the program in time, their role is highly felt in this regard. They are to be encouraged and given the facility to devise and try out innovative ideas on instruction and to participate in in-service education programs. In this context, it can be visualized that educational administration should aim at developing a desire for hard work, dedication and commitment for their job among teachers.

4. To organize educational programs for acquainting students with the art of democratic living and giving them excellent training in democratic citizenship.

5. To mobilize the community: Like general administration, educational administration seeks to maintain and improve the relations with the community. For this it should seek community support and co-operation for quantitative expansion, qualitative improvements, smooth and fair examination in the educational system.

6. To organize co-curricular activities effectively for developing the talents of students and the work efficiency of educational teachers.

7. To get the work done: The most important objective of administration is to get the work done effectively, efficiently and with satisfaction to the individuals and benefits to the society.

8. To prepare students for taking their places in various vocations and avenues of life.

9. To train the students in developing the scientific attitude and objective outlook among them towards all aspects and activities of life.

10. To ensure the qualitative improvement of education: Good education can be provided to students by bringing qualitative improvement in instruction. Regular supervision of the teaching and guidance of teachers helps to ensure quality teaching in schools.