COURSE NAME: Principles of animal physiology

COURSE CODE: ZOL-5104

CREDIT HOURS: 4 (3+1)

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: AMBER GUL

DEPARTMENT: BOTANY

OBJECTIVS:

The course aims to teach the students about.

1. Animals diversirt adapted in different ways for their functions through modifications in body parts.

2. The diversity in integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, nutritive, excretory, osmoregulatory and reproductive systems according to strategies to survive in their specific conditions.

3. Organs systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the body.

4. The basic structure of each system that determines its particular function.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

After the completion of this course students will be able to:

• Develop knowledge about the functions of organs and tissues in the human body
• Have an appreciation of how the parts of the body are linked into a functioning whole.
• Have practical knowledge of physiological techniques
• Be able to write about physiological topics

INTRODUCTION:

This course examines the physiological principles that guide animal life processes. Framed in an evolutionary context, processes including respiration, circulation, neural control, movement, excretion and metabolism will be understood in terms of core principles that also apply to humans and animals.

TIME TABLE:

COURSE EVALUATION:

Mids: 30 marks

Practical: 15 marks

Final: 45marks

Sessional: 10 marks (attendance and presentations of students)

COURSE CONTENTS:

1. Protection,Support  and movement: Protection: the integumentarysystem of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement and support: these skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement: non-muscular movement; an introduction to animal muscles; the muscular system of invertebrates and vertebrates.

2. Communication I: Nerves: Neurons: structure and function; neuron-neuron communication: introductory accounts of resting membrane potential, action potential (nerve impulse) and transmission of the action potential between cells;  invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems: ventral nerve cord and ganglia, the vertebrate brain, the spinal cord, 
Cranial and spinal nerves; autonomic nervous system.

3. Communication II: Senses: Sensory reception: baroreceptors,chemoreceptors, 
georeceptors, hygroreceptors, phonoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, 
tactile receptors, and thermoreceptors of invertebrates;  lateral line system and electrical sensing, lateral-line system and mechanoreception, hearing and equilibrium in air and water, Skin sensors of mechanical stimuli, sonar, smell, taste and vision in vertebrates.

4. Communication III: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers: 
Chemical messengers: hormones chemistry; and their feedback systemsmechanisms of hormone action;  nematodes, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms invertebrates; some hormones of porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nemerteans,
an overview of the vertebrate endocrine system; endocrine systems of vertebrates
Endocrine systems of birds and mammals.

5. Circulation, Immunity, and Gas Exchange: Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates: characteristics of invertebrate coelomic fluid,hemolymph, and blood cells;transport systems in vertebrates; 
Characteristics of vertebrate blood, blood cells and vessels; the hearts and circulatory systems of bony fishes,amphibians
reptiles, birds and mammals; the human heart: blood pressure and the lymphatic system;immunity: nonspecific defenses, the immune response; gas exchange: respiratory surfaces;invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory systems, cutaneous exchange, gills, lungs, and lung ventilation; human respiratory system: gas transport.

Books recommended:

1. Miller,S.A and Harley,J.B. 2002. Zoology 5th edition. (International), Singapore, McGraw Hill.

2. Campbell,N.A. 2002. Biology, 6th edition. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.

3. Hickman, C.P., Robert, L.S., Larson,A. 2004. Integrated principles of Zoology, 11th edition. (International), Singapore: McGraw Hill.

PRACTICALS
1. Study of insect chitin, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and mammalian skin.
2. Study and notes of skeleton of Labeo, Rana tigrina, Varanus, fowl and rabbit.
Note: Exercises of notes on the adaptations of skeletons to their function must be done.
3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channaor Catlacatlaor Labeo or any other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse and rabbits are representative animals for study in dissections.
4. Study of models or preserved brains of representative animals and notes on adaptations.
5. Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish.
6. Study of endocrine system in an insect and a rabbit.
7. Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear of rabbit.
8. Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate (dissection of representative fish/mammals).
9. Study of respiratory system in cockroach or locust and a vertebrate representative (Model).