DISCUSS THE MAJOR PROBLEMS OF
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF PAKISTAN. WHAT MEASURES DO YOU SUGGEST TO IMPROVE THIS
SECTOR?
Introduction:
Agricultural sector is the backbone
of our economy. But the growth of agriculture in Pakistan is facing a lot of
problems. Due to various causes, per acre yield is very low in Pakistan as
compare to other developed countries.
PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Problems of agricultural sector are
categorized as below:
A. TECHNO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
1)
Limited Cultivable Area
The total area of Pakistan is about
79.6 million hectares, out of which only 23.7 million hectares (28%) area is
used for agricultural purposes. About 8 million hectares area is idle and
un-utilized. There is vast sub-division and fragmentation of land holdings, as
a result modern technology cannot be applied in agriculture sector.
2)
Water Logging and Salinity
Water logging and salinity are twin
problems of agricultural sector due to salinity, deposits of salt in land have
appeared on the surface of land and they have adversely affected the
performance of agricultural sector. Water logging and salinity affect about
0.10 million acre of land in every year. It is not only waste of land but also
reduction in productivity.
3)
Slow Growth of Allied Products
Allied products refer to those
productions, which are not agricultural but indirectly, help the farmer to
improve his living standard. Pakistan is in-sufficient in the production of fruits, milk,
poultry, fisheries, livestock and forestry. As a result not only our food
quality is poor but also industries such as furniture, textiles and dairy
cannot be developed.
4)
Low Per Hectare Yield
The most important problem of
agriculture is its low yield per hectare for almost every major crop. 45.0% of
labour force is engaged in this sector in Pakistan while it is less than 5% in
developed countries. But, other countries of world are getting higher yield per
hectare due to use of modern technology and trained labour.
5)
Inadequate Infrastructure
Rural
infrastructure like, roads, storage facilities, transport, electricity, education,
sanitation and health facilities etc. is inadequate to meet the requirement of
growth of agriculture. Total length of farm-to-market road is not only shorter
but their condition is also poor. Many villages have no metal-led road at all.
Electricity is available to only 3/4 rural populations.
6)
Uneconomic Land Holdings
Due
to increasing population and division of land under the law of inheritance,
landholdings are subdivided over and over again. The result is that very large
number of farmers has less than 2 hectares of area. Moreover holdings are
scattered. It is difficult to use modern machinery on small pieces of land.
7)
Old Methods of Production
No doubt, mechanization of
agriculture is increasing in Pakistan, but in most of the areas, the old implements
are still being used for agricultural production. Old and orthodox techniques
of production cannot increase the production according to international levels.
8)
Inadequate Supply of Agricultural Inputs
The supply of modern inputs like
high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, mechanized
machinery etc. not only costly but also inadequate and irregular in Pakistan.
Numbers of fertilizer producing units are just 10 in Pakistan.
9)
Lack of Irrigation Facilities
Shortage of irrigation facilities
causes a serious limitation in the expansion of crop area in Pakistan. The
lower water supplies, loses from water course in the fields are the serious
problems of farm sector. Actual surface water availability is 91.8 million acre
feet.
10) Inadequate Agricultural Research
The
average crop yield in Pakistan is very low as compared to the production levels
of the advanced countries of the world. In order to raise the potential of
agricultural production, there should be continuous improvement in the research
for agricultural growth. Total agricultural universities and colleges are only 16
in Pakistan.
11) Problem of Land Reforms
Land reforms have been implemented
against the will of people. There is an urgent need to conduct a proper land
reform for improving agricultural growth. Due to this problem agricultural
production cannot increase to desired level.
12) Defective Land Tenure System
Defective land tenure system is also responsible for low
yield per acre in agricultural sector. Landlords and feudal-lords live in posh
urban areas while tenants and peasants have no or less incentive for their hard
work. So, the productivity in agricultural sector remains low.
13) Subsistence Farming
Our farmer is attached with subsistence farming; a huge of
portion of production is consumed at farmer’s own house to support large
family. Hence, less portion of the production is available for market supply.
It causes low income of the farmers. Farming is not conducted at commercial
level in Pakistan.
14) Low Cropping Intensity
Cropping intensity means the number
of crops grown on a piece of land in one year. At the present stage of our
development, there is low level of cropping intensity as compared to advanced
countries. Cultivable area under double or multiple cropping is inadequate in
Pakistan.
15) Improper Crop Rotation
Proper turning round of crops is
essential to re-establish the fertility of the land. The constant cultivation
of one crop or two; exhausts the fertility of the soil. Proper rotation of
crops is necessary in order to restore the fertility.
B. NATURAL PROBLEMS
16) Various Plant Diseases
Various agricultural crops like
cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, wheat and rice often come under attack of pests and
insects. Pests and plant diseases reduce the annual productivity of
agriculture.
17) Natural Calamities
Labour
is in the hand of mankind but its result is in the hands of ALLAH in
agriculture sector. So, growth of agriculture is dominated by nature. In case
if there is too much rain, reduction in the productivity. There is 20%
reduction in productivity due to unnecessary rain and unfavourable climatic
situations in Pakistan.
18) Scarcity of HYV Seeds
Our poor farmers have to use lower
quality seeds due to non-availability of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds. On
the other hand, if seed is available they cannot be purchased due to low
income. Agricultural production is badly affected because of inferior quality
of seeds.
19) Under Utilization of Land
Mostly poor population is attached
with agricultural sector in Pakistan. They are using orthodox and traditional
means of cultivation. Our farmer is not interested to use the advanced and modern
means of farming, as a result area under cultivation remains under utilized,
un-utilized or mis-utilized.
C. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
20) Consumption Oriented
Our farmers have no proper records
of their incomes and expenses. Mostly, they spend more when they have more due
to illiteracy. A huge part of the farmer’s income is consumed on occasions of
marriage, birth, death and several other rural ceremonies and festivals in
Pakistan.
21) Farmer’s Litigation
There
are frequent and continuous litigations among the farmers directly or
indirectly. They are often seen in courts, police stations, irrigation offices,
revenue boards and other official problems. Due to mentioned problems, our
farmer cannot devote his time, energy, efficiency and labour to agricultural
productions.
22) Joint Family System
Joint family system is also a big problem in agricultural
sector. Our farmer is poor; on the other hand he has to support his big family.
It creates deficiency in saving and investment. A huge part of farmer’s
productivity is consumed at his own house.
23) Illiteracy and Ill-health
Most
of the farmers, labourers and tenants in our country are illiterate. They are
untrained and inefficient to boost up the agricultural productivity. On the
other side, the health of our farmers is improper due to rural backwardness. Literacy
rate is only 57.7 % in Pakistan. Economic Survey of Pakistan shows that
literacy remains higher in urban areas (73.2 percent) than in rural areas (49.2
percent).
24) Political Instability
Political instability has affected development in all
economic and social sectors. Unfortunately, the political situations in
Pakistan are not stable. It creates unrest among the farmers to sell the
productions to various industries as a raw material. On the other hand, people
hesitate to invest in agricultural sector due to political unrest.
D. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS
25) Lack of Credit
Basically
our farmer is poor and he has low level of income. Agricultural credit
facilities are not common in Pakistan. Credit that can facilitate agriculture
is not available easily. Moreover non-institutional sources are available but
these are not reliable due to high rate of interest. About 50.8% poor borrow
from landlords in Pakistan.
26) Poor Financial Position of Farmers
It is a common saying about our
farmer that he borns in debts, grows in debts and dies in debts. It means
that financial position of Pakistani farmer is weak and poor. According to “Pakistan
Human Development Report 2003” about 57.4% poor are working for feudal-lords
without wages.
27) Instability in Market Prices
The price market of agricultural
goods generally remains unstable in the country. Cobweb theorem is very popular
in case of market prices; it means that a price of one commodity is much high
in this year and much low in the next year and vice versa. The farmers, do not
get due reward from the sale of their productions. So, they remain unsatisfied.
28) Shortage of Agricultural Finance
Agricultural credit facilities are not sufficient
in Pakistan. Rate of interest on agricultural credit is high and loan is not
provided in time. According to “Pakistan Human Development Report 2003” in
Pakistan about 50.8% poor borrow from landlords at very high rate of interest.
MEASURES TO REMOVE THESE PROBLEMS
Following
measures are suggested to improve the agriculture:
1) Supply of Agriculture Credit
Poor farmers cannot afford the expensive technology
from their own resources in Pakistan. So, supply of agriculture credit at easy
terms and conditions is very necessary. An amount of Rs. 85,177 million is
disbursed by commercial banks in 2009 and Rs. 49 billion was distributed by
ZTBL. ZTBL issued credit or Rs. 37.4 billions during 2010-11.
2) Water Logging and Salinity Control
Water logging and salinity destroys
about one million acre of land every year in Punjab and Sindh. It reduces our
cultivable area. For this purpose, installation of tube wells, repair of canal
banks and drainage of water etc. are needed. The Ministry of Agriculture
proposed to invest Rs. 18.5 billion with the objective of converting 2,00,000
acres of irrigated land to drip and shower irrigation system.
3) Construction of Dames
Sometimes, due to heavy unwanted
rains and floods agricultural productivities destroys. To tackle this problem
it is necessary to construct dames and bands on rivers.
4) Provision of HYV Seed
High yielding variety seed is not
available at suitable price in Pakistan. So, farmers have to depend upon low quality
of seeds that causes 20% reduction in total production. Government should
provide HYV seed at minimum price in this case.
5) Mechanization
Farm mechanization is necessary to
remove the problems to agriculture sector. Sowing, cultivation and harvesting
of crops through agricultural machines increase the productive quality and
quantity.
6) Agricultural Research
Agricultural research is compulsory to
remove the backwardness of agriculture sector. Major agricultural colleges and
universities are only about 16 in Pakistan. Government should increase the
research work in the field of agriculture.
7) Agro-based Industries
Agro-based industries like poultry,
fisheries, dairy and livestock should establish. These industries indirectly
lead to improve the agricultural sector.
8) Tax Concessions
Mechanization
is necessary to remove the problems of agriculture sector. Government should
give tax concession on imports of agricultural technologies to enhance the
process of farm mechanization.
9) Training of Farmers
Our farmers are illiterate and ill
trained so, their efficiencies are poor. Government should start special
education programme for farmers and give them training about farming.
10) Prices of Agricultural Productivities
Sometimes,
our farmers receive low prices of their crops.
There is no proper effective price policy of government. Government
should set reasonable prices of agricultural productions to develop the living
standard of farmers.
Conclusion:
Being an agrarian country,
agricultural sector of Pakistan’s economy is still backward. Use of modern
techniques, provision of credit facilities, basic infrastructure and
agriculture research facilities are needed to remove all the problems of
agriculture sector.
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