DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVES
To acquaint students with the basics of the metabolism of Primary Nutrients
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
This course focuses on protein which is a primary nutrient in the nutrition of the animals. It elaborates metabolic and biochemical pathways regarding nutrient utilization. The pathways of metabolism rely upon nutrients that they breakdown in order to produce energy. This energy in turn is required by the body to synthesize new proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) etc. The most important metabolic pathways are glycolysis - glucose oxidation in order to obtain ATP. Citric acid cycle (Krebs' cycle) - acetyl-CoA oxidation in order to obtain GTP and valuable intermediates. oxidative phosphorylation - disposal of the electrons released by glycolysis and citric acid cycle. This course gives details about the chemical nature and functioning of nutrients. This course also studies non-conventional feed sources and digestion and metabolism of nutrients in the body. After taking this course students will be able to understand the nutrition of nutrients, requirements, and estimation of the quality of dietary nutrients.
CONTENTS
Theory
- Metabolic functions of water.
- Metabolism of carbohydrates: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals; glycolysis, lactic acid and volatile fatty acid fermentation, citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
- Metabolism of Lipids: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals; beta-oxidation of fatty acids, fate of glycerol with respect of fat synthesis, glucose/glycogen synthesis and its oxidation, storage of fat, catabolism of fat and ketosis.
- Metabolism of proteins: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals;
- Essential and non-essential amino acids, protein quality, ideal protein, the fate of absorbed amino acids, transamination, deamination, decarboxylation and interconversion of amino acids;.
- Utilization of non-protein nitrogenous compounds in ruminants.
READINGS
Recommended Texts
- Leeson, S & Summers D. J. (2008). Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Nottingham, England: Nottingham University Press.
- Maynard, L.A. Loosli, J.K., Hintz, H.F. & Warner, R.G. (1991). Animal Nutrition (7th ed.) New York, USA.: McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc.
- McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D. & Morgan, C.A. (2002). Animal Nutrition. UK: Longman scientific and technical publisher.
Suggested Books
- Moren, L. A. (1994). Biochemistry. USA: Neil Peterson Publishers, Prentice Hall Inc.
- Sarwar, M. & Zia-ul-Hasan. (2000). Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminants. Faisalabad.: the University of Agriculture Press.
- LehningerA. L., Nelson, D.L. & Cox, M.M. (2004). Principles of Biochemistry (4thed.). NY, USA: Worth Publishing
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COURSE SCHEDULE |
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Week |
Topics and Readings: |
Dates |
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1 |
Metabolic functions of water Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-18) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients |
Week 1 |
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2 |
Metabolism of carbohydrates: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients |
Week 2 |
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3 |
Glycolysis Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of crude protein |
Week 3 |
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4 |
Lactic acid and volatile fatty acid fermentation Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of crude protein |
Week 4 |
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5 |
Citric acid cycle Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract |
Week 5 |
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6 |
Pentose phosphate pathway Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract |
Week 6 |
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7 |
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract |
Week 7 |
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8 |
Metabolism of Lipids: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract |
Week 8 |
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9 |
Beta oxidation of fatty acids Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Crude Fiber |
Week 9 |
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10 |
Fate of glycerol with respect of fat synthesis, glucose/glycogen synthesis and its oxidation, storage of fat, catabolism of fat and ketosis Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312) Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Crude Fiber |
Week 10 |
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11 |
Metabolism of proteins: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Total Ash |
Week 11 |
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12 |
Essential and non-essential amino acids, protein quality Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201) Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Total Ash |
Week 12 |
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13 |
Fate of absorbed amino acids, transamination, deamination, deamidation, transmethylation, decarboxylation and interconversion of amino acids The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Practical: Determination of Acid detergent fiber (ADF) analysis. |
Week 13 |
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14 |
Fate of absorbed amino acids, transamination, deamination, deamidation, transmethylation, decarboxylation and interconversion of amino acids The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420) Practical: Determination of Acid detergent fiber (ADF) analysis. |
Week 14 |
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15 |
Utilization of non-protein nitrogenous compounds in ruminants Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153) Practical: Determination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) analysis. |
Week 15 |
RESEARCH PROJECT
Students will make separate charts for all metabolic pathways of different nutrients (Fed condition, fasting condition, long-term fasting condition)
Students will present different physiological and biochemical activities in the body.
ASSIGNMENT CRITERIA
Write here the distribution of marks. You can choose any or all from the below for the purpose
Sessional: 08
Mid-term: 12
Final Exam: 20
RULES AND REGULATIONS
Following items are mandatory:
- 80% of class attendance.
- Participation in all class activities.
Course Material
- Total Lessons 15
- Department College of Agriculture
- About Visit Profile
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Teacher
Zafa Hayat
