DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVES

To acquaint students with the basics of the metabolism of Primary Nutrients

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

This course focuses on protein which is a primary nutrient in the nutrition of the animals. It elaborates metabolic and biochemical pathways regarding nutrient utilization. The pathways of metabolism rely upon nutrients that they breakdown in order to produce energy. This energy in turn is required by the body to synthesize new proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) etc. The most important metabolic pathways are glycolysis - glucose oxidation in order to obtain ATP. Citric acid cycle (Krebs' cycle) - acetyl-CoA oxidation in order to obtain GTP and valuable intermediates. oxidative phosphorylation - disposal of the electrons released by glycolysis and citric acid cycle. This course gives details about the chemical nature and functioning of nutrients. This course also studies non-conventional feed sources and digestion and metabolism of nutrients in the body. After taking this course students will be able to understand the nutrition of nutrients, requirements, and estimation of the quality of dietary nutrients.

 

CONTENTS

Theory

  1. Metabolic functions of water.
  2. Metabolism of carbohydrates: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals; glycolysis, lactic acid and volatile fatty acid fermentation, citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
  3. Metabolism of Lipids: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals; beta-oxidation of fatty acids, fate of glycerol with respect of fat synthesis, glucose/glycogen synthesis and its oxidation, storage of fat, catabolism of fat and ketosis.
  4. Metabolism of proteins: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals;
  5. Essential and non-essential amino acids, protein quality, ideal protein, the fate of absorbed amino acids, transamination, deamination, decarboxylation and interconversion of amino acids;.
  6. Utilization of non-protein nitrogenous compounds in ruminants.

READINGS

Recommended Texts

  1. Leeson, S & Summers D. J. (2008). Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Nottingham, England: Nottingham University Press.
  2. Maynard, L.A. Loosli, J.K., Hintz, H.F. & Warner, R.G. (1991). Animal Nutrition (7th ed.) New York, USA.: McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc.
  3. McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D.  & Morgan, C.A. (2002). Animal Nutrition. UK: Longman scientific and technical publisher.

Suggested Books

  1. Moren, L. A. (1994). Biochemistry. USA: Neil Peterson Publishers, Prentice Hall Inc.
  2. Sarwar, M. & Zia-ul-Hasan. (2000). Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminants. Faisalabad.: the University of Agriculture Press.
  3. LehningerA. L., Nelson, D.L. & Cox, M.M. (2004). Principles of Biochemistry (4thed.). NY, USA: Worth Publishing

COURSE SCHEDULE

Week

Topics and Readings:

Dates

1

Metabolic functions of water

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-18)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients

Week 1

2

Metabolism of carbohydrates:  classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients

Week 2

3

Glycolysis

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of crude protein

Week 3

4

Lactic acid and volatile fatty acid fermentation

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of crude protein

Week 4

5

Citric acid cycle

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract

Week 5

6

Pentose phosphate pathway

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract

Week 6

7

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract

Week 7

8

Metabolism of Lipids: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of ether extract

Week 8

9

Beta oxidation of fatty acids

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Crude Fiber

Week 9

10

Fate of glycerol with respect of fat synthesis, glucose/glycogen synthesis and its oxidation, storage of fat, catabolism of fat and ketosis

Animal Nutrition (7th edition) by McDonald (page 227-312)

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Crude Fiber

Week 10

11

Metabolism of proteins: classification, digestion, absorption and utilization in monogastric and ruminant animals

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Total Ash

Week 11

12

Essential and non-essential amino acids, protein quality

Nutrient Metabolism in Ruminant by Sarwar (Page 1-201)

Practical: Proximate analysis of feeds and feed ingredients: Determination of Total Ash

Week 12

13

Fate of absorbed amino acids, transamination, deamination, deamidation, transmethylation, decarboxylation and interconversion of amino acids

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Practical: Determination of Acid detergent fiber (ADF) analysis.

Week 13

14

Fate of absorbed amino acids, transamination, deamination, deamidation, transmethylation, decarboxylation and interconversion of amino acids

The Ruminant animal digestive physiology and Nutrition by D.C Church (108-116,217-226, 227-312, 401-420)

Practical: Determination of Acid detergent fiber (ADF) analysis.

Week 14

15

Utilization of non-protein nitrogenous compounds in ruminants

Animal Nutrition 6th edition by Leonard A. Maynard and Loosli (page 67-153)

Practical: Determination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) analysis.

Week 15

RESEARCH PROJECT

Students will make separate charts for all metabolic pathways of different nutrients (Fed condition, fasting condition, long-term fasting condition)

Students will present different physiological and biochemical activities in the body.

ASSIGNMENT CRITERIA

Write here the distribution of marks. You can choose any or all from the below for the purpose

Sessional: 08

Mid-term: 12

Final Exam: 20

RULES AND REGULATIONS

Following items are mandatory:

  • 80% of class attendance.
  • Participation in all class activities.

 

Course Material