CHEM-5103                              Organic Chemistry                          4 (3+1)

The students will acquire knowledge about the basic concepts of organic chemistry, chemistry of hydrocarbons, functional groups and the mechanism of organic reactions. It will be useful for the qualitative analysis and synthesis of organic compound. Understanding and knowledge of new and advanced field of organic and also significances the importance of application of advanced techniques. This course is a foundation course for Organic Chemistry major courses of higher semester. The main objectives emphasized in this course involve developing an understanding of basic principles of organic chemistry. It develop critical thinking skills enabling students to solve general chemistry problems that incorporate their cumulative knowledge. Students learned in class to advanced organic chemistry concepts which give them opportunities to upgrade their knowledge about advanced organic concepts. The essence of this course is to develop study skills that students need to succeed in university-level chemistry courses and preparation of students for professional positions in the field of synthesis chemistry.

Contents

1. Basic concepts: atomic, molecular and hybrid orbitals: multiple localized and delocalized bonds, properties of bonds, inductive effect, dipole moment. The concept of resonance, rules of resonance, resonance energy, stearic inhibition of resonance, hyperconjugation, resonance effect, hydrogen bonding, tautomerism.
2. Introduction to spectroscopy with special reference to the infrared, ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy.
3. Hydrocarbons: classification of hydrocarbons. Nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical characteristics and chemical reactions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Source of aromatic hydrocarbons. Structure of benzene and the concept of aromatic hydrocarbon. Aromatic electrophilic substitution.
4. Stereoisomerism: conformational analysis of ethane and butane. Optical isomerism, optical activity, chiral carbon atom and optical isomerism, relative and absolute configuration, creation of chiral carbon and racemization. Optical isomerism in compounds containing two chiral carbons atom, diastereoisomer, elements of symmetry, resolution of racemic mixture, geometric isomerism, cis/trans isomerism, designation of isomerism, determination of configuration.
5. Alkyl halide: nomenclature, method of preparation and chemical reaction with special reference to the nucleophilic substitution and elimination reaction of alkyl halide. Preparation, structure and synthetic application of grignard reagent.
6. The hydroxyl group and ether: nature of hydroxyl group in phenol and alcohol.
7. Alcohol: classification and nomenclature, preparation method and chemical reaction, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol, polyhydric alcohols. Phenol: preparation method, acidity of phenol, chemical reaction.
8. Ether: preparation and reactions.
9. The carbonyl group: nature and its reactivity, nomenclature of aldehyde and ketone, aldehyde and ketone preparation and reactions along with distinction between them. Carboxylic acid and their derivatives: nomenclature, preparation and chemical reactions, strength of acid and factors affecting it, formation and hydrolysis of acid anhydrides, acid halides, acid amides, esters including glycerides. Introduction to amino acid.
10. Nitrogen compounds:  amines; classification, nomenclature, preparation and chemical reactions, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Preparation and reaction of aniline. Basicity of aromatic and aliphatic amines and factors affecting it. Diazzonium salts and their synthetic applications.

Organic Chemistry Lab.

1. Qualitative organic analysis; systematic identification of organic compounds containing group like COOH, OH, NH2, C=O.
2. Purification techniques viz solvent extraction distillation and recrystallization, etc.
3. Preparation of simple organic compounds viz, Ethyl benzoate, benzoic acid, tribromophenol, aspirin, nitrobenzene.

Recommended Texts

1. Younas, M. (2006). Organic Spectroscopy. A. H. Publisher, Lahore.
2. Solomons, T.W.G. (2016). Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. 12th edition Wiley, New York.
3. Vogel, A. I. (1996). A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry. Prentice Hall.

Suggested Readings

1. Kemp, W. (1990). Organic Spectroscopy. Macmillan, London.
2. Chughtai, F. A. (1995). Organic Reactions, Majid Book Depot. Lahore/Faisalabad.
3. Streitwieser, A., Heathcock, C., and Kosower, E.M. (2017). Introduction to Organic Chemistry. 4th edition   Macmillan, NY.

Assessment methodology

• Sessional: 15% (Presentations: 10%, Partcipation: 5%)
• Practical: 25% 
• Midterm exam/ Term paper: 15%
• Final exam: 45%

Classes:

BS Chemistry III (SS)

Time Table