To impart knowledge and skills to the students about techniques for sustainable management of forest resources to achieve desirable forest production.

Theory

1. Introduction: Definition, history and scope of forest management in Pakistan. Objectives of forest management. Forest Policy objectives in relation to national economic objectives. Peculiar features of forestry in relation to other enterprises. Integrated resource management. Management of non-timber products.
2. Rotation: Concept of rotation in regular and irregular forests. Types of rotation, choice of rotation. Factors determining length of rotation.
3. Site Quality: Significance in forestry. Estimation of site quality: a) Indirect methods: Over story interspecies relationships, ground flora / lesser vegetation characteristics, topographic, climatic and edaphic factors. b) Direct methods: Historical yield record, stand volume data, periodic height growth data.
4. Stand Density Determination: Methods for determining stand density. Methods of evaluation.
5. Increment: Concept and significance, nature and component of increment: CAI and MAI, Age of maximum volume production. Increment determination methods.
6. Normal Forest: Concept of normality in even aged forest: Normal series of age gradation/age classes, normal increment, normal growing stock and their determination, Relationship between normal volume and normal Increment and Flury’s Constant. Concept of normality in uneven aged forest: normal distribution of trees of all ages per unit area and normal size class distribution. Concept of normality in Pakistani forestry.
7. Silviculture Systems and their application in Pakistan. Introduction, definition and concepts. Execution advantages and disadvantages. Applicability of the following silvicultural systems in Pakistan.
   • Clear felling system
   • Shelterwood system
   • Coppice system
   • Selection system
   • Accessory system
   • Silvicultural systems for Mazri and Ephedra forests.
8. Contemporary Resource Management Approaches (Participatory, Integrated, Joint management approaches)    
9. Sustained Yield: Definition and concept of sustained yield. Types of sustained yield: Integral, Intermittent, and Annual. Objects of sustained yield. Economic aspects of obtaining sustained yield. Current status of sustained yield in Pakistan.
10. Yield and its Regulation: Objectives of felling. Methods of yield regulation:
    • Area Method: Control by silvicultural and other felling rules. Control by area.
    • Area, Volume, and Increment method: Fixed, Revocable, Single/Floating Periodic Block Methods. Regeneration Area Method (French method by using Melard and Cotta’s formulae).
    • Volume and Increment Methods: Austrian, Hundeshagan’s and Von Mantel’s Formulae. Masson’s Ratio. Modification of Von Mantel’s formulae (Blandford and Simmons Method).
    • Regulation of yield in uneven aged forest by using: Brandis Method, Method of control, Residual Growing Stock Method and Current Growth Method.

Note:      Working plans of Hill Forests, Riverain Forests and Irrigated Plantations be referred for yield and its regulation.

• Forest organization. Legal classification: Reserved, Protected, Guzara and Unclassed Forests. Territorial classification: Block, compartment, sub- compartment. Administrative (Organizational) classification: IGF, CCF, CF, DFO, Sub-DFO/ACF, RFO, Block Officer (Forester), Beat Officer (Forest Guard). Management (Silvicultural) classification: Working circle, felling series, coupe, cutting section, periodic blocks, felling cycle, felling series.
• Preparation of Working Plans: Objectives and scope of working plans. Pc-I schemes. Period of working plans. Preliminary working plan report. Format of existing working plan. Annual plan of operations. Preparation of working plans

11.  Forest fires and their control. Forest fires as management tool.

Practical

Visit to different forest types of Pakistan for studying the management practices.

Books Recommended

1. Higman. S., J. Mayers S. Bass., N. Judd. And R. Nussbaum. 2004. The Sustainable Forestry Handbook. Earthscan.
2. Champion, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M. Khattak (1965). Forest Types of Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
3. Clutter, J.L. J.C. Fortson et al. (1982). Timber Management: A Quantitative Approach. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. NY. USA.
4. Davis, K.P. and R.N. Johnson (1987). Forest Management. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
5. Khattak, G.M. (1973). Forest Management. Ferozsons, Peshawar.
6. Leuschner, W.A. (1984). Introduction to Forest Resource Management. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. NY, USA.
7. Osmoston, F.E. (1968). The Management of Forests. George Allan and Unwin Ltd. London.
8. Ram Parkash. (1986). Forest Management. International Book Distributors. Dehra Dun, (India).
9. Singh, S.P. and Singh J.S. 1992. Forests of Himalaya. Nainital, Gtanodaya Prakashan.
10. Khattak, G.M. and S.K. Khanzada. (1977). The Forest Working Plan. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.